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La Charte Européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires: la France et ses relations avec le breton et le basque

by Natasha Sharp |

editors: 
Alessia Zulato (PhD candidate in French)
Zsuzsanna Fagyal (Associate Professor of French) |

En 1992, le Conseil de l’Europe a voulu promouvoir et protéger des langues régionales et minoritaires qui sont en voie de disparition. Le Conseil de l’Europe a donc établi un traité international, La Charte Européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires, pour inciter les états européen à préserver leurs langues locales qui font partie du patrimoine historique et culturel l’Europe. La Charte prévoit la protection et la promotion des langues utilisées traditionnellement par les minorités historiques et territoriales. La Charte confère à ces langues un statut et elle oblige les états qui la ratifient de prendre des mesures de protection pour préserver les langues dans les régions où elles sont parlées. Le texte de ce traité explique que les pays européens doivent permettre à leurs ressortissants d’utiliser leurs langues régionales ou minoritaires pour que ces langues ne disparaissent pas.

Cependant, il est difficile de faire adopter ces règles en France. La France a signé quelques articles de la Charte, mais elle ne l’a pas encore ratifié (confirmer comme loi). Il y a plusieurs variétés de langues régionales ou minoritaires en France, comme l’indique la carte ci-dessus. Pourtant, d’habitude, les Français considèrent ces langues comme des dialectes ou des patois ; beaucoup ne les voient pas comme des « vraies langues », donc des langues avec un statut. Ceci crée un problème pour leur protection. Au Bureau européen pour les langues moins répandues, on reconnaît dix langues régionales en France qui sont le breton, le catalan, le corse, les langues créoles, l’allemand/alsacien, le basque, le luxembourgeois/mosellan, le néerlandais/flamand, l’occitan, et les langues dites « d'oïl ». Certaines de ces langues sont enseignées, mais la France ne leur donne aucun statut officiel. Selon certains, il y aurait beaucoup plus de langues en France, si on prenait en compte les langues des immigrés, comme le romani. A ce propos, il faut noter que la Charte ne reconnaît pas les langues des immigrés, car ces langues n’ont pas de passé historique et territorial en Europe. Il est donc difficile de trouver un bon moyen pour protéger toutes les langues minoritaires.


Natasha Sharp is a junior in the College of LAS specializing in French. She wrote this blog entry in the European Union Center’s Language and Minorities in Europe (418) cross-listed survey course that also touched to the situation of regional or minority languages in France. In this text, she explains and illustrates the cultural and legal difficulties facing France in the protection and promotion of its regional or minority languages, two of which are Breton and Basque.

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